On Gnostic Philosophies - discussion with a beginner

“I don’t think I like the Gnostics.”

Sebastian took a sip of coffee, frowned and continued.

“I’ve been doing some research on the web and several sites report their beliefs as anti-Christian and, well, ugly!  They say the material world was created by an evil demi-god, to entrap human souls.  They claim that only be denying God, denying the body and the world can one be holy.  It speaks against everything the Church stands for.”

“Hmm.”  I responded.  “Not sure which sites you’ve been looking at but you do have to remember that everything on the web isn’t necessarily true or factual.  My own research suggests that those types of beliefs were held by only very small and extreme sects.  Think of some of our own cults, like Waco Texas or Jonestown.  They claimed to be true Christians, but would you or I accept them as such?

Generally a Gnostic was expected to study the world and learn God’s wisdom from his study.  Some believed that if you learned enough and found the deepest secrets, you could enter heaven without actually dying.  Many Gnostics claimed that this is what Christ actually did.”

Sebastian looked surprised.

“But surely that can’t be right.  Certainly Christ ascended to Heaven, but first he died to cleanse us of our sins.  Surely without his actual death and resurrection, his ascension would be meaningless.”

“Well, certainly it opposed the basic tenet of the Christian sect which eventually became the Catholic Church.  They claimed that their teachings were the Word of the one and only God and contained all knowledge, that further search was neither required nor acceptable.  That sect said the everything we need to know to live our lives according to God’s word has already been written.  Given that fact we should not search for new knowledge, but rather accept that dispensed by the sects priests.  That’s very similar to what the apostle Paul preached.  In one of his Letters in the Bible, he tells the people to heed his words alone and do what he tells them without question.  That dogma was so strong during the Middle Ages that the simple act of questioning the Bible and searching for new truths was enough to get you branded a heretic and burnt at the stake! 

In the 1^st and 2^nd  centuries a surprising number of  people could read, but within the Pauline Christian sect they were told not to read the holy writings themselves, as they would become confused.  Everything they needed to know would be given to them by Paul and later by his designated priests.  That was the approach that became the dominant sect and later the Catholic Church as we know it today.   During the Middle Ages in Europe the only correct interpretation of the Bible teachings were dispensed to the common person by the priests of the Holy Catholic Church and only by the priests.  Penitents were not allowed to try and learn for themselves, so the priests became that much more powerful.” 

Sebastian was silent, thoughtful.  I watched him in silence.  He struck me as the quintessential clerical scholar.  He was dressed in turtle-neck, jacket and tweed pants.  When he spoke, his voice was soft, almost a monotone and slightly hesitant.  He always sat on the edge of his chair, slightly hunched forward, almost as if he was praying.  I could see he wasn’t happy with what I was saying.  I was having trouble accepting that someone in his profession could be so naïve, but it seemed his work had centered mainly on the later Greek and Latin versions of the bible books.  He’d never encountered documents as old as what we had here, nor it seemed, anything of the contents we were dealing with.  Wondering why the Professeur had hired him I continued.

“Then there was the Jewish approach, which was that every man should and must read the Jewish holy book, the Torah and that all aspects of life and the Torah teachings should be discussed so every man could understand Gods teachings.  However, like the early Catholics, while the Jews could discuss the Torah and argue about its interpretation, they were not free to question its content, for it was the word of God.   The Gnostics simply extended the Jewish approach and encouraged every believer to read and do their own research, but to also question everything, including the holy documents and apply logical thought to them, forming their own opinions of their validity.  That definitely didn’t sit well with the Jewish rabbis and caused direct conflict between the Gnostics and the jews and the Peter and Paul sects that later became the Catholic Church.”

“You don’t really care for the Church do you?”  Sebastian asked quietly, “Even though you are Catholic.”

“I care more for the truth.” I replied quietly.  From another his words might have stung, but Sebastian had such an air of naive, unquestioning, child-like acceptance about his religion that made it nearly impossible to get angry.

“I care about finding out what the truth is, getting at the facts.  If the facts support that Church then I can support the Church too.  But usually the facts disagree with the Church’s various interpretations of history.  My parents were good Catholics and so followed the Catholic teaching, quite religiously if you’ll excuse the pun.  I did too to begin with, but something happened to me when I was young which destroyed my faith.  Later, when I was taught the scientific method at college, I found it made more sense than my Catholic upbringing of blind acceptance.  It tends to match the Gnostic approach quite closely too, which may be why I find it easy to identify with these writers.”

I told him of the scroll I just finished translating, of Miri’s encounter in Alexandria. 

“Mercales’ Greek Heresy is almost the epitome of the mainstream Gnostic philosophy and he makes it quite obvious why every centralized church since the very first one has condemned it as heresy.  It’s interesting that it’s so similar to the scientific method of today, ironic that they were both branded as heresy by the Church.  Strange how history circles upon itself.

Mercales taught that we should question the world, ask to see the proof, base belief on the most likely probability, use Occam’s Razor to cut through the garbage to find the simplest and usually the most likely, answer.”

“You mean you’re saying we should question the truth of the Bible?”  Sebastian exclaimed, his jaw dropping, looking completely scandalized.  Perhaps I’d gone too far.  “Surely you accept that the books of the Bible were given to us by God and that they contain the word of God.  They are the words of God as given to Jesus and the Apostles.  The Apostles wrote the New Testament to give us guidance through this world.”

There didn’t seem to be an easy way to handle this, other than give him some hard facts to work with and hope he could swallow them without choking.

“If you do the research, you’ll find that many ‘books’ were written in the first couple of centuries after the coming of Christ.  The first two or three centuries were a time of great confusion and competition, as many competing “Christ” sects were established and they all competed to gain adherents.  In 325 AD, the Catholic Church elders finally got together at the Nicene Council under Charlemagne and codified their beliefs.  Prior to that we have letters between various church elders where they list the books that would form the accepted bible and other lists of books which would be cast out as heretical, to be destroyed on sight.  It’s probably due to this approach that the Nag Hammadi and Dead Sea Scrolls came to be hidden and buried.  They include many of the forbidden books and writings.  The local religious groups had a choice.  They could follow in blind obedience and destroy the books as ordered by the Bishops in far away cities, or they could hide them away and pretend they had been destroyed.  Thus the Gospels of Mary and Thomas survived originally as no more than an entry on a church list of writings to be destroyed.  Only in the last hundred years or so have the actual documents themselves been found.

The earliest list of heretical texts comes mainly from one man, a Christian priest named Irenaeus.  Somewhere around 175-185 AD, Irenaeus was sent to Rome by his Bishop, Pothinus, asking the Christian High Bishop in Rome to intercede in a squabble about doctrine and confirm that the Montanist sect were heretics.  On his arrival in Rome, to his horror, Irenaeus found that Eleutheerus, the highest Christian Bishop of Rome, had embraced the Montanist creed as the one true faith.  To make matters worse, he also met an old school buddy who had embraced yet another heresy, that of the Gnostic Valentinian.   You can see that back then there were sects galore and everyone was trying to label everyone else a heretic.  So, in a state of total confusion, Irenaeus returned to Lyons only to find that Pothinus has died a martyrs death.  Irenaeus took over as the Bishop of Lyons and immediately launched a life-long crusade to wipe out all the other heresies, Gnostic and otherwise.  He is considered to be one of the earliest and most militant of the bishops of the sect that was to became the Christian Church.

Soon after becoming Bishop, he wrote a treatise aptly named ‘Adversus Haereses’, or ‘Against Heresy’.  The full title was “Refutation and Overthrow of Knowledge Falsely So-called”, which probably gives you an idea of his state of mind.  Ironically, this has turned out to be the greatest source of Gnostic information.  Irenaeus chose to describe the Gnostic beliefs in some detail, so he could properly refute them.  In doing so he documented the very beliefs which he spent the rest of his life trying to erase.  Not only did he document the beliefs, but he named names, people and texts.   Without Irenaeus and his ‘Refutation’ we would probably have known nothing of the Gnostics until the Nag Hammadi scrolls were uncovered.  Instead, he recorded the existence of the Gospels of Bartholomew, of Thaddeus, Mary Magdalene, Judas Iscariot and some 34 other ‘heretical’ gospels.  We also learned of the Gnostic leaders and teachers, the originators of some of the main heresies, Valentinian and Marcion.

Irenaeus went on to develop a list of bishops acceptable to the Christian Church, carefully noting that none were Gnostics.  He decided, seemingly all on his own, that the church should be founded on the four books of doctrine, Mark, Matthew, Luke and John.   He also decided that the other writings and doctrines were heresy and should be destroyed.  His justification for having four was based on the Old Testament references to the four corners of the universe, the four principle winds and the four living creatures that Ezekiel saw in a vision, supporting the throne of God.  If four was good enough for God, then it was good enough for Irenaeus.”

“Yes, but those four books do tell the true story of Christ!” Sebastian exclaimed.  “They tell us of his life, his mission among us, his words and teachings.  Surely even a doubter like you must accept that.”

“Well,” I replied, smiling at bit a being dubbed a doubter.  “It would be nice if I could but I’m afraid not.  You see, the biggest problem with that, for both me and the Church, is that no writings by Jesus himself exist.  Nothing in the Bible actually came from anything Jesus himself wrote.  Almost half the books that made it into the accepted Bible and claim to be the words of Jesus, were written by Paul, probably decades after Jesus was crucified.  The problem I and many others have with that is that Paul was the thirteenth Apostle, self-appointed some years after the death of Jesus.  Paul never met Jesus, never spoke to him and never heard him speak.   The four gospels espoused by Irenaeus reflect the views of Paul more than Jesus and they and many of the other books in the New Testament are written by either Paul or his adherents.  All the research to date suggest very strongly that Mathew, Mark, Luke and John were all written some time after 150 AD.  That’s over one hundred years after Jesus died, ninety years after Paul died and definitely long after all the original disciples were dead.  It’s extremely unlikely that any of the authors of the New testament where Jesus’ disciples.

Think about that for a moment.” 

I could hear the exasperation leaking into my voice and strove for a calmer tone.

“That’s at least three generations after the events actually happened.  Tell me, how much do you know about your great-grandfathers life and times.  Who was the lead politician of your country?  Who was the Pope.  What do you know of their actions and beliefs, their philosophies?  Why were the wars being fought?  And yet you willingly accept that someone writing two or three or possibly even four generations after Jesus would have been able to clearly relate his real words and actions.  Really?

Surely you can see that the deeper you go, the more closely you look at biblical history and think it through, the more tenuous the connection between the Christian faith and Bible as we know it today and the actual teachings and words of Jesus.  That’s why finds like this one are so important.  They give us more information and different viewpoints, from sources closer to the actual events.”

I paused, took a sip of my cold coffee and shuddered at the taste.  I don’t think my words were having any effect on Sebastian.  Taking a deep breath to calm myself again, I continued in a quieter tone.

“So, as the Catholic Christian Church sect grew in power from 150 AD onwards, it declared all the competing sects heretics.  In his Letters, Paul warns his flocks to beware of other ‘so-called apostles’, to only pay attention to his voice and his apostles.  Thus the Gnostics were suppressed and by 300 AD had essentially been removed from the picture.  By 500 AD they might never have existed.

That should have changed when the first copy of the Gospel of Mary was found in 1896, but it was deliberately ignored and buried by church scholars.  It didn’t actually reach public print until the late 1990’s, nearly a hundred years later and by then had been damaged beyond use.  Even now, discoveries like the Nag Hammadi and Dead Sea Scrolls have faced continued opposition from a Church more interested in preserving its position than discovering the truth about Christ.

Don’t you see Sebastian, this cave has given us an entire library full of first century writings!  So far they’re all Gnostic, but there may be other writings as well.  We may find texts here that pre-date Irenaeus.  Who knows, we may even find texts written by one of the apostles or even Jesus himself.  Even though the Gnostics were branded heretics, they too believed Jesus came with a message from God.  They may have recorded something here that will give us more insight into Jesus the man and his teachings.  Something to help us strip away the patina of two thousand years of political and theological adjustments and re-interpretations!”

Sebastian looked at me, puzzled and apprehensive, saying nothing.  He quietly rose and turned to the sink, rinsed his cup and poured another cup of coffee.  Looking at his silent back I wondered.  Had I opened his mind just a little, or was he too immured in his religious dogma to even try and question the simplistic views he’d been taught.  Would he approach the scrolls with the joy and wonder of new discoveries that I felt, or had he already condemned them as heresy and was now simply looking for a reason to discard them.  I couldn’t tell.  Maybe he didn’t even know himself.  I left the room and headed back to my computer to tackle my next scroll of Miri.

The Greek Heresy - translation of the first journal scroll - lessons in Alexandria

My husband was sent to Alexandria by our fathers to learn and become wise in the ways of the world, to become a leader of men and a great general of war.  No-one expected me to learn anything, I was simply there as his wife, sent to feed and serve him and my brother, who also accompanied us.  But during our first weeks, their fear of leaving me alone in a strange city caused them to keep me by their side and so they took me with them to the talks and lectures.  Only later did they realize that I too was learning, though it seems I tended to learn those lessons that they might have preferred me not to learn.  This was the first lesson I remember clearly, as the first step on my own road to knowledge and independence.

I don’t remember what the question was, but the teacher directed it at me.  He’d been answering a question from Yoshai and I hadn’t really been paying attention.  The newness of the city and the strangeness of being in a room full of people discussing great topics still left me overwhelmed.  That he directed his question to me surprised me so much I simply sat there with my mouth hanging open.

“Come child,” he said, “what do you think?” 

“It is as my husband says,” I stammered, madly trying to recall Yoshai’s last few words.  “It is written in the Torah and thus it is so.”

The man smiled, amused at my obvious nervousness but behaving as if I had given him the correct answer to a puzzle.  He was old, his face grizzled and wrinkled, burned dark by the desert sun, long hair grey and thin, but his voice was full of power.  When he spoke the entire room listened.

“If you will,” he said, addressing himself to me but including everyone else in the room as well, “I will tell you of one of the great Greek heresies.  Perhaps you could even call it ‘The’ Greek Heresy.”  He chuckled.  “Actually, though most priests label it so, it cannot be a heresy, for it has absolutely nothing to do with religion or the Gods.  No, it simply has to do with using the mind that your God, whatever you may see that to be, has given to you.”

“Allow me to introduce to you the fine art of ‘disputation’.  By its use you may even discover the purpose that God has for us.  First you ask a question.  There may be only a single answer to that question or there may be many.  It matters not.  The discussion of the possibilities is all that matters!  Let me see now.”  He paused for a moment, studying first me and then Yoshai.  “Here’s one for you!  Why does a tree grow?”

He looked at Yoshai.  “Well?  Why does a tree grow?”

Yoshai smiled self-confidently, brashly displaying the arrogance of youth and inexperience.  “Because God wills it so!”

“So!” Mercales, as I later learned was his name, smiled at Yoshai’s facile answer.  “Thus you will become disputant number one!” he said, pointing his finger at Yoshai.  “And you, young lady,” He pointed his finger at me with such suddenness I flinched back in my chair.  “you will be disputant number two!  You will each take opposing positions on the question.”

His attention on us had resulted in the rest of the people in the room shoving the chairs around and they now formed a loose circle about us.  Obviously they had seen this man’s lectures before.  Some smiled at me in sympathetic remembrance, some grinned in anticipation of a good show.  I cringed!  Never before had I had so much attention focused on me!  My skin prickled and I could feel the sweat beginning to trickle down the back of my neck. 

“Now, for the sake of the discussion let us set aside the concepts of right or wrong.  Let us review the question using our minds, what we can observe to happen in the real world and those things and ideas that we can test.”

“Your name, my dear, what is it?”

I glanced at Yoshai.  After a slight hesitation he nodded. 

“Miri.” I responded. 

Mercales cocked an eyebrow at me and smiled again.  He’d noticed my glance for permission and for some reason that made me blush.  I realized then that he was deliberately placing me in a position he knew I’d never been in before.

“Very well Miri. You will take the position that it is the sun and the rain that causes the tree to grow.  You, young man…?” 

“Yoshai.”

“You, Yoshai, will defend your statement that God causes the tree to grow and that is sufficient in and of itself.  Each of you will attempt to convince the other of the strength of your position, with the goal, hopefully, that you will end up with an agreement of some sort.”

I sat, dumbfounded and mute.  All my life I had been taught to be obedient to the men of my family.  First my father and the priests, then my brothers and later my husband.  Yes, I’d followed my mother’s instruction too, but I’d known that she followed her husband’s.  My life so far had been based on doing what I was told, to speak only when spoken to and otherwise remain silent.  Never to speak out in public and never, ever talk back to a man!  Now this heretical Greek was suggesting I should argue with my husband.  I couldn’t!

“It’s alright, Miri.” said Yoshai quietly.  “We came here to learn new things, so let us play this game and see where it leads us.  Go ahead.”  He took my hand and squeezed gently, his other hand sweeping across the table towards Mercales, encouraging me to proceed.

“Well,” I said hesitantly, “the tree needs the sun to grow.”  I stopped and the silence of the crowd hung there, waiting for more.

Yoshai cut in smoothly to cover the quiet.  “In the Torah it states that all things come from God; the land, the plants, the animals, everything.  Everything follows his plan regardless of whether we understand it or not.  The rabbis’ teach us that everything we need to know about the world is written in the Torah.”

“But it needs the rain too,” I burst out,  “for without rain it will wither and die.”  I almost choked on the words.  I was arguing with him!

The discussion, such as it was, stalled again.  I could see Yoshai searching for a quote from the Torah.  I was thinking too, looking within myself for more.  It felt very strange.  Strange, but somehow pleasurable, exciting!  I could learn to like this feeling!

“Now,” commanded Mercales, “provide some tangible proof to support your statements!”

“Well…” said Yoshai, “The Torah contains the words of God, as given to his prophets.  It is God’s word and therefore it is truth.”

“But….”  I hesitated again.  Oh, this was hard, to actually speak out against my husband and in public too.  “But, if you plant a seed in dry soil it will not germinate.  If you don’t water it, it will not sprout and grow.”

Yoshai stared at me.  I’m not sure if he was more surprised that I had dared to speak out or that I could actually think it through.

“Excellent!” crowed Mercales, rocking backwards and forwards in his chair in glee, “Excellent!  You have defined two ways to test the truth of your statement.  Without sun or rain your tree will do nothing.  Provide sun and rain and the tree will spring to life and blossom!”

“On the other hand Yoshai, your side has a bit of a problem providing proof.  You cannot prove God’s will, for you can neither provide it nor withhold it.  Thus you cannot clearly demonstrate that the tree lives or dies because of God’s will or otherwise.  In truth, you can neither prove nor disprove the very basis of your argument, that there is a God, either one or many.  You stand entirely on a blind and unquestioning faith.  In the absence of such proof, your argument stands on a foundation of unknown quality.  Like a foundation set in loose sand it cannot safely be built upon.  On the other hand, Miri’s logic provides a clear demonstration of observable fact, that any person can in turn test and substantiate for themselves and thus it can be built upon.  Knowing a tree requires sun and rain to grow allows other statements to be made and tested.  A tree needs the sun and rain.  A tree is a plant.  Wheat in the field is also a plant, therefore we can suppose that the wheat also needs sun and rain to grow.  We can then test that supposition and build further.”  

“Thus, disputation gives rise to possible answers that can be tested against reality.  Those tested answers can then be used to ask other, bigger questions.   Is the sun and rain needed for a flower to grow?  What of a rock, a man, a nation?”

“Interestingly enough though, Miri’s logic is also entirely consistent with her God’s will and thus is not in the least bit heretical.  At no time does her testing of the suppositions ever violate her faith or adherence to her religious beliefs, whatever they may be.  Thus disputation and logic can live side by side with Yoshai’s faith in his God. Not heretical at all!”

The room was silent as he drained his mug with obvious satisfaction.

“And there,” Mercales licked his lips, “the lesson ends.  Thank you children and have a good evening.”  He gave us a courtly bow, nodded briefly to the rest of the class and walked away from our table.  Around us the others began to discuss the lesson.

I picked up my mug and raised it to my lips.  My hands were shaking so much the mug rattled against my teeth.  I peeked at Yoshai over the rim of the mug.  He looked back at me, his face unreadable.  I could almost hear his thoughts though, churning over and around, pondering that odd conversation.  I lowered my eyes.  We finished the rest of our wine in mutual hesitation and discomfort, talking haphazardly about nothings – how warm it was here, what lectures Yoshai would go to tomorrow, how Laz would have to accompany me to market tomorrow so I could buy food for our meals.

Inside I was shivering.  Never before had I spoken so!  Never before had I even thought such thoughts.  If I had done so at home I would have been sharply rebuked by every man around me and probably every woman as well.  Instead, here, Mercales had congratulated me on my reasoning, as if he was suggesting that I was right and my husband wrong.  I held tight to that feeling.  Perhaps our stay in Alexandria would give me more than I had ever dreamt possible.

I said nothing more that night, but I could see the evening had troubled Yoshai.  At first I thought he was angry with me, but he was so wrapped up in his own thoughts I doubt he even knew I walked by his side.  As we entered the house I heard him muttering to himself…. “So how can you clearly demonstrate God’s will?”

found a womans journal from 60 AD - translating now

Well, things are going well.  My skimming system seems to be working.  I’ve built a reasonable index and I’m making good progress.  Sebastian has joined the team.  He’s very quiet, very much a cloistered scholar, but his Greek translations are excellent.  He’s also doing a bit of skimming, but mostly focuses on one text at a time.  Regrettably his other languages aren’t that strong.

I have found one set of books which seem to be unique.  They’re all from a single amphorae.  They’re on vellum, like the others, but it seems to be of a much better quality, making them very expensive indeed for the period.  Their carbon dates are 60 AD plus or minus 15 years and they’re also the only other documents I’ve found so far that are written in Aramaic.  This is kind of neat for me, because Sebastian doesn’t have any Aramaic at all. 

I’ve scanned through the pages and these texts appear to be the personal journal or diary of a woman named Miri.  I’ve decided to spend my mornings skimming the main library and my afternoons translating this set of documents in full. 

The books don’t seem to be ordered or numbered in any way, so I’m reading and translating them in a fairly random way, simply picking a scroll and working through it.  Hopefully when I’ve done all of them I’ll be able to arrange them in a reasonable chronological order.  The first few scrolls I’ve translated are about her earlier life, which seems to have been spent in Alexandria, though she doesn’t appear to be Egyptian.  I wonder?  This diary may be that gigantic new discovery I’ve always dreamt of.

Nag Hammadi Gnostic Scrolls cache found in Southern France

I don’t think this is the collection of a single persons’ work, but more likely someone’s collected library of books, stored away for posterity.  I’m guessing that the library was created by collecting existing documents from other places, possibly over a period of several years.  The writers generally appear to have been followers of the Gnostic creed and there are documents in the main languages of the period.   If all the scrolls are Gnostic documents then what we have here is the biggest Gnostic library ever found!”

“Slow down, Jeanne-Marie, slow down.  It seems you know these Gnostics quite well, but while I am familiar with the term, as you know most of my work has been on biblical scrolls, rather than on works only peripherally related to the Bible sources.  Please, tell me more of your understanding of them.”

“Well…” I started, pulling my thoughts together enough to give the Professeur a coherent review.  “The term Gnostic comes from the Greek words, ‘gnosis’ meaning ‘knowledge’ or possibly secret or spiritual knowledge, the enlightenment of a man and ‘gnostikos’ meaning the ‘knower’ or possessor of the knowledge.  You should know the general Gnostic philosophy is old, older even than Christianity.  Some suggest it may date as far back as Zoroaster, around 1200 BC.  Many of the basic themes of Zoroaster are echoed in both the Christian and Gnostic myths: the virgin birth, his sacrifice, death and rebirth, ascension to some kind of heaven.  In the first century the Gnostics became one of many sects of the early Christian church and their basic premise was that the highest God expected us to learn for ourselves, from ourselves.  They claimed that there was hidden knowledge which the most learned could discover, or be taught by a more advanced adherent.  A Gnostic was expected to question the world, use logic and thought, observation and meditation to discover the truths hidden within the world. 

The Gnostic belief from the time of Christ is that Jesus was teaching his disciples new knowledge, some of it spiritual in nature, some revealing the ways of God.  However, there were levels of knowledge and the higher levels of understanding were only given out to those who had progressed up through the lower levels.  Thus within the Gnostic sect, general members had every-day knowledge given to them, while members higher up in the hierarchy, like the disciples, would have secret knowledge passed to them.

The basic tenet of Gnosticism, or at least the main sects I’m most familiar with, was that the only true sin was ignorance.  They believed that we had forgotten who we were and where we came from and had fallen into ignorance, which is the cardinal sin.  It was only by re-learning that lost knowledge, from God and from within ourselves, that we could save ourselves.  We could be delivered from sin by gaining knowledge and wisdom, by reaching out to and possibly touching God.  One sect believed that we each carried a small reflection of God within ourselves and that by study, meditation and introspection we could find that piece and thus rejoin with God.  Obviously that concept was considered to be heretical as far as the more Catholic-like sects of the time were concerned.

The ‘Thunder, Perfect Mind’ scroll is probably the best known Gnostic poem and a version was known previously from the Nag Hammadi Scrolls, found in Egypt in 1945.  The version found in our cave is similar, but as you can see has distinct differences.  It’s as if the writer started to copy the original and then added her own verses as they came to her, which would be a very Gnostic thing to do.  Think of it as a religion that encourages you to go your own way, learning things as you go.

My skimming suggests we’ve found scrolls varying from teaching materials, to analysis of gospels and other documents, to poems of surprising simplicity and beauty, giving insights into the depths of the Gnostic complexity.”

“Hmm, interesting.  How would you suggest we approach the problem?”

“Well, given the huge number of documents we have, translating them sequentially, in full, will take years.  I’d like to continue with my ‘skimming’ approach, but do it a little more logically.  I’d like to pull the first page or two of a document and translate enough of it to get an idea of what the document is about.  Some will be readily identifiable as books from the bible, others I’m sure are copies of documents found at Nag Hammadi.  The ones that aren’t readily recognized I translate until I can figure out what they are, for example, a teaching text or an analysis of some other book.  Once I have an idea what the document is, I file it and go on to the next one.  That way I’ll build up an index of what we have fairly quickly, giving us an overview.  Then we can zero in on documents which are new or unique.  If I also keep track of the languages used that will allow you to bring in the most appropriate translators.”

“That sounds like an excellent approach!  Carry on.  I have already found you one assistant.  His name is Sebastian.  He’s a middle aged cleric whom I’ve borrowed from the Catholic Church of Paris.  He’ll be starting in a week or so.  His Greek and Latin are excellent, so make sure you point him towards documents of that type.

The Chancellor and I have also decided to keep the discovery quiet for now, so only you and Sebastian will be working on the translations for the time being.  I like your idea of creating an index to the documents first.  That will allow us to get a good handle on what we have here before going public or releasing the documents to the world.”

At the time I was so pleased the Professeur had approved my plan that I didn’t really pay much attention to those last few words.  Later though, when I thought back, I realized the Professeur’s plan made me slightly uneasy.  Bringing in the clerics and keeping the discover quiet seemed a bit odd, almost sinister.  I remembered the Dead Sea Scrolls team of the 1950’s, almost all with a religious background, all of whom were very secretive about the documents they were working on.  They spent nearly 50 years ‘protecting’ those scrolls from both the public and all other researchers.  I think we should be broadcasting our discovery to the world.  However, it’s not my dig, so I don’t get to call the shots.

Thunder: Perfect Mind - variation from a female author ??

 “Good evening Professeur.”  I slipped into my favorite comfy chair in the lounge.  The Professeur had finally returned from Paris and I’d cornered him as soon as I could.

“Good evening Jeanne-Marie.  How has your day been.”  His latte looked lost in his hand.  I curled my fingers around the warmth of my own cup, gratefully inhaling the mellow scent of Chai tea.

“Well, we’ve developed a good backlog of scanned images, so it’s probably time I stopped helping Henri and started doing some translating.  I’m just a little unsure how to begin.”

He gave me a slightly puzzled look and gestured for me to continue.

“I completed the translation of that first document you gave me, the Thunder scroll.  While it’s beginning is very similar to the copy found in the Nag Hammadi cache, the one Robinson describes, it takes quite a different tack as it progresses and ends quite differently.  Here, let me show you.”

I handed him the hand written version of the translation I’d input back into the computer system.

Thunder, Perfect Mind

For I am the first and the last

I am the honored one and the scorned one

I am the holy one and the harlot

I am the wife and the virgin

I am the mother and the daughter

I am the barren one and many are my children

I am the wife whose wedding celebration was great and I have yet to take a husband

I am the midwife and she who does not bear

I am the solace of my labor pains

I am the bride and the bridegroom and it is my husband who begot me.

I am the mother of my father and the sister of my husband, for he is my off-spring

I am the widow of the heart and the heart of all wisdom

I am the silence that is incomprehensible and the memory that every child comprehends

I am the sound so loud it cannot be ignored, that no-one hears

I am the voice which never speaks, to which every living being listens

I am the silence that echoes down the ages, soft as the wind, dry as the rain

I am the utterance of my name

I am the alpha and I am the omega.

I am the first, the female, creator

I am the living and the dead

I am the believer and the unbeliever

I am the saved and the lost

I am the last, alone in the grave.

Where I walk, seeds quicken

Where I rest, trees blossom

Where I sleep, life grows strong

Where I walk not, lies barren and dry

I am the sun, the moons and the stars

I am the first and last, creator and destroyer and I am woman

I am Sophia

“The writer is obviously a woman, which makes it absolutely unique.  We have no identifiable writings of women from that era, other than a fragment of the Gospel of Mary Magdalene and our only copy of that is barely more than a single page.  Not only that, but the whole tone of the poem is Gnostic.   As I’ve been scanning the other documents into the database I’ve been reading bits and pieces and come to some tentative conclusions.   Many of the other scrolls in the cache seem to be writings similar to the Nag Hammadi Gnostic documents.  Some are duplicates of what we already have from Nag Hammadi and other finds, although in much better condition.  Many of the other scrolls look to be previously unknown.

Now, every amphora that Henri and I have opened so far has contained scrolls.  Every single jar so far has been perfectly sealed, the scrolls inside beautifully preserved.  Henri’s conservation process is working flawlessly and we’re now up to our ears in images of documents.  The process is working well, so well it’s beyond my wildest hopes.  The scrolls look as if they were written just yesterday.  The scanned images are clean and clear.  The text is crisp.  The use of the language in the scrolls suggests the writers were well educated and very comfortable with the art of writing.  I say writers plural because from the several scrolls I’ve skimmed through, the handwriting appears to be the work of several different scribes.  We’ve clipped samples from each set of documents and sent them off for radiocarbon dating.  All the documents that have been dated so far show origins between 100 BC and 100 AD.  The rougher quality documents seem to be created in the last years BC, while the better quality documents tend to date to the early first century AD.

Unlike the ‘Thunder’ document which was in Aramaic, almost all the other documents I’ve looked at have been written in Greek, with a few of the older documents in either Coptic or Hebrew.  The quality of the writing varies quite a bit too.  The better copies appear to be re-written versions of texts found in the older or poorer quality scrolls.  Quite often they’re Greek translations from original Coptic and Hebrew manuscripts.  A few of these documents we already know from the Nag Hammadi and Dead Sea finds, though what we have are better copies and more complete.  There are also definitely new, previously unknown documents, but they all follow a similar version of Gnosticism, a common creed so to speak.

Gnostic Scrolls on vellum

While truly ancient documents are clay or stone carvings, documents from 2,000 years ago were usually scrolls made of either papyrus or vellum. Papyrus is made from the papyrus plant, found in Egypt and for centuries it formed a major part of their economy.  The plant is stripped of its tough outer coating and the remaining core split into long thin strips, pressed and soaked in water for several days.  The strips are then laid out in a cross hatched pattern, pressed flat and allowed to dry.  At the end of the process you have a sheet of papyrus parchment which is surprisingly tough.  Waterproof, tear-proof, it can be soaked and not fall apart.  It’s actually much tougher than the paper we make today.  The only downside is that the end product has a smooth side and a rough side, so usually only the smooth side is used for writing.  As it’s a plant based product it keeps well in dry desert caves, but not so well in warm, humid climates like southern France where mold and mildew tend to destroy it fairly quickly.  I expect that explains why most papyrus scrolls are found on the other side of the Mediterranean.

Vellum is an entirely different beast, no pun intended.  It’s actually very thin animal skins, usually young sheep, goat or calf.  The skin is soaked, de-haired, scrapped clean, then stretched flat and scrapped until it’s thin and flexible.  I once watched a Discovery Channel special on making vellum and it was the most disgusting thing I’ve ever seen.  Cleaning the skin is both gross and messy to say the least.  Once the skin is cleaned, stretched and dried, it’s scraped repeatedly until it’s very thin and fairly flexible.  Each skin is then cut into rectangular pages and in our case the rectangles are folded in half to form the leaves of a book.  Each of our books contains between fifteen and twenty sheets, to make a booklet of thirty to forty pages.  Each book is then covered in a heavier vellum, with a loose front flap that folds over to protect the edges.  The whole thing is then rolled up to form a cylinder about three inches in diameter and eleven inches long, a scroll.  Our scrolls were then wrapped one more time in heavier vellum and dipped in wax to seal them.

Henri’s procedure is working well and we’re progressing through the scrolls slowly but steadily.  We’ve built up a nice rhythm and we’re now producing scanned pages every second day or so.  Each of the jars opened so far contain between 30 and 40 rolled up documents, so we’ve got lots of scrolls to work with.  Now that we have actual scans to work with my time in the lab is reaching an end and it’s time I started my real task, translating.

The scanned images are loaded into a computerized database, referenced by the amphora number, the scroll number and the page number.  I can check out an image from the database, much like checking a book out of the library and work on a translation.  I do the translation on my local computer and when I’m happy with the results I check the translation back into the database and link it to the original image.

Everything is stored here on the main system in Marseille, with nightly backups transmitted to a master system in Paris, where the Professeur continues with his analysis.  There, he’ll have complete access to what we’re doing here and we’ll have a complete backup of all our work just in case the computer here has a problem.  The system itself is probably the best I’ve ever worked on.  Very fast, very flexible, with a full search capability on not only the translation texts but also on the images as well.  ‘Slick’ is a bit of an  understatement!

 The Professeur has been talking about getting several more translators but so far I’m the only one here.  I’m a bit surprised, as I thought the Professeur would have made some sort of public announcement by now and we’d be flooded with researchers wanting to join the project and get access to the documents.  He hasn’t.  It’s most unusual for him, but he’s playing his cards very close to his chest.  I know he meets with the Chancellor of the University on a regular basis, but why they haven’t announced anything about the discovery yet is not clear.  He’s due back on-site in a few days, so I’ll ask him then.

Lab Work - extracting manuscripts

Early on in my career I found that the days on a dig often ran together in my memory and I tended to lose track of the sequence of events.  After my first dig I started to keep a journal of the days, so I can refer back to events later without confusing myself.  In order to stay recognized in this field we’re required to publish papers and it could get embarrassing when you sit down to write up a project and find you can’t remember exactly what happened in what sequence.  People tend to doubt your expertise if your papers talk about translating documents before you’ve actually dug them up.  I’ve found that having a journal solves that problem.

So, where are we?  Well, it’s been almost a week since my trip out to the dig site.  Most of the time since then I’ve been I’ve been helping Henri set up the lab equipment we’ll use on the project and familiarizing myself with Marseille.  After opening the first few scrolls the Professeur decided to leave the rest until the new lab is running, so I’m still waiting impatiently for my first look at whatever else is in those amphora.

The lab here is small, but perfectly suited to our needs.  Controlled temperature and humidity and lots of tech toys to play with.  I’m saying we, but this physical process will actually be managed by an experienced museum curator / conservator, expert in this type of recovery.  The Professeur has called in some of the favors he’s collected over the years.  The University of Aix-Provence has provided these facilities at their Marseille campus.  Henri Metain, a friend of his from the Paris Museum has joined us and is doing all the document extraction and conservation.  As the language expert I was destined to wait on the sidelines for a while longer, but I’ve managed to convince Henri that not only does he need an assistant, but that I am the perfect choice.  So I get to play with some of the tech toys too!

Henri turned away from the window as I walked into the lab.  A tall man, middle aged with just a touch of grey in his hair.  I noticed his fingers were long, slender, almost a pianists.  He smiled in greeting. 

“Hey! Ready to start work?”  A nice mellow voice, with just a trace of a Scottish accent.

“Ready and raring!”  I smiled back.  “Lead on McDuff!”

He laughed. 

“I’ve decided that we’ll work through the amphora one by one.  Crack the seal, remove whatever it contains, which hopefully will be more scrolls, photograph and scan everything digitally and make multiple copies and backups.  That way if anything screws up we’ll still have something to show for our efforts.  Come,” he gestured towards the tables around the walls of the lab, “I’ll walk you through the process.” 

“We’ll be using a new technique I’ve developed for unrolling these particular scrolls.  It’s a series of specially formulated silicon baths, designed to remove the wax and then soak and soften the vellum without damaging either the scroll or the inks.  Do you remember ‘Dubbin’, that  greasy stuff you used to put on hiking boots to keep them soft and supple?  Well, we’re using a high-tech silicon equivalent.  It softens the vellum, but doesn’t cause it to stretch or sag.  It also ‘fixes’ the inks so nothing gets dissolved or washed away.”   

On the tables around the room were a series of 21 tanks, much like the chemical development trays I’d used when I worked in my photo darkroom, only each was about 10” deep.  Each was filled with liquid and scrolls were immersed in each tank.  Henri pointed to the nearest. 

“These are scrolls I just put in to soak.  As you progress around the room the tanks contain slightly different solutions, each one acting to remove wax and soften the vellum.  The first three tanks are mainly to remove the heavy wax coating on the outside of the scrolls, so we’ll have to change the solution every day on those.  The scrolls in the tanks down the end of the table have been through the entire process and now are mainly softening the vellum.  There shouldn’t be any wax left on those scrolls.  Each morning we’ll transfer the scrolls from one tank to the next.  The scrolls soak in the baths for a total of 21 days, one day per tank.  After that, we should be able to unroll the scroll reasonably easily.”

“Come over here.  Put some gloves on and let’s get you going.”  He passed me some latex gloves and positioned me in front of the last tray on the table.

“Take a scroll out of this tray and bring it over to this workstation.”  In the centre of the room was another table with two wide, shallow trays.  Myriad tools and small weights surrounded the trays.   Keeping the scroll submerged, I transferred it to a small carrying tray, lifted the tray and scroll out of the soaking tank and carried it carefully over to the workstation and placed it gently out into the shallow tray.

“Now, with your fingertips, or one of the spatulas here and using a very gentle pressure, coax the scroll open, then gently unroll it and let it lay flat.  Keep enough solution in the tray so the solution takes the weight of the pages, not the vellum itself.  That way there’s no pressure on the vellum, thus no cracking or damage.” 

As he talked I did as he directed, my fingers moving almost as if he were controlling them instead of me.  There was a rhythm in the motions, slow, deliberate and steady, calming, almost like a tai-chi meditation movement.

“Now, once you’ve got it open and flat, use the small weights to hold it open, good, now cut the bindings.  Very carefully, separate each of the individual pages of the book.  Transfer each page to one of these plates,” he handed me a wooden plate coated with a soft absorbent paper, “lay another on top to keep the page flat and set them in the drying chamber.  They’ll dry in there, takes a couple of days.  Once it’s dry, it’s fairly safe to handle.  The silicon softens the vellum enough to be flexible and provides a protective sealant coating.   Then we bring it over here to the scanner.”

He walked on to the next station around the room which housed a large format scanner connected to a PC.

“From here we take a series of very high definition digital scans, at 15,000 x 15,000 dot per inch resolution.  We do both sides of each page using a variety of light sources, from infrared to visible to ultraviolet.  Then the scrolls themselves are shipped off to a vault at the University of Aix-Provence for permanent storage.  This will be the only time you get to touch the actual scrolls.  From here on, all your work will be done from the digital scans.”

He sat back as I loaded the last page into the drying chamber.  “You did that very well.  Have you ever worked in a lab before?”

I laughed.  “Nope!  Well, except for my photography darkroom years ago.  This is the first time in a real lab.  I’m a language major.  Up till now I’ve almost always worked with photographs and copies, very rarely with originals.  This is great!”

“I’m glad you enjoyed it.”  He laughed, walked over to a fridge and pulled out a couple of soft drinks, handing me one.   “We’ll be at this for a while so pace yourself.  For now, let’s go grab some lunch.”  He glanced up at the clock on the wall and I followed his gaze.  It was noon.  We’d been working on that one scroll for over four hours.  I couldn’t believe the time had passed so quickly.

After lunch we each took a workstation and continued unrolling scrolls and separating pages.  My thoughts wandered as I worked.  So, this was the only time I’ll actually touch the scrolls.  Too bad. As I worked I let my fingers linger on each page.  Like that dinosaur bone of many years ago, somehow I could feel the weight of time permeating the scrolls.  Unlike the bone though, the scrolls also held an deep aura of mystery.  Hopefully once I started translating them the mystery would resolve itself, but that was for later.  Right now, if all of my future work was to be done from the digital images alone, I’d just have to treasure this part of the job.

The next stage would still be exciting though.  Even though I’ll be working with their digital images rather than the scrolls themselves, given some of the enhancement capabilities of the software I’ll be using, I’ll be able to read the vellum skin cell by cell if I want.  Personally I’ll probably stay at the normal reading level, but Henri claims that they’ll be able to tell the sequencing of the documents by simply comparing the fine detail of the vellum itself. 

When dealing with fragmented documents, which is a common occurrence when working with papyrus scrolls, the research teams would sometimes re-assemble a damaged scroll by ignoring the writing and simply aligning the fine detail of the papyrus used to make the scroll.  By a similar process you could identify which pieces of vellum came from a single animal skin.  Did I mention that people in this line of work can get pretty obsessive when it comes to attention to detail?